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Analysis of organic pollutants and micropollutants in landfill leachates
Poslušná, Markéta ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
The stated aim of this thesis was the quantitative and qualitative analysis of relevant organic pollutants and micropollutants in Czech and Danish landfill leachate. Point sampling of liquid and solid samples (sediments) were taken from the landfill water sumps or from their vicinity. Sediments were collected only at Czech landfills. The Danish and Czech landfill leachate samples were compared with each other due to their different histories. Czech landfill leachate were found to contain higher concentrations of detected organic pollutants than in Denmark. The detected concentrations for the sum of 21 PFASs in the landfill leachate ranged from 956.5- 11 011.3 ng/l for the Czech landfill leachate samples. The measured concentrations of sum 14 PFAS ranged from 414.5 to 2 589.3 ng/l for the Danish landfill leachate samples. Concentrations in Czech landfill leachate for the sum of 24 PPCPs ranged from 131.3 to 27 471.4 ng/l. For the Danish samples, concentrations ranging from 122.6 to 12 351.5 ng/l (for the sum of 11 PPCPs) were measured. PCBs were analysed in both liquid and solid samples. In all liquid samples they were below the limit of quantification, therefore they were analysed in sediment from Czech landfills, where values from LOQ-20.9 mg/kg (sum of PCBs) were determined. This work represents...
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Persistent water pollutants: case of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in the Czech Republic
Prášek, Jan ; Šauer, Petr ; Keprtová, Karolína
Reuse and recycling of products composed of natural matter is relatively without significant environmental problems. However, recycling of products produced using modern synthetic technologies often brings new challenges. Our analysis has shown that substitution of citric acid with artificial substance of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid causes important environmental problems. The case study carried out in the Elbe river basin shows that the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid concentration standard has been exceeded, particularly from confluence of the Vltava and Elbe rivers. Open questions and tasks for future technological development and environmental policies are formulated, particularly the idea to replace artificial substances with nature-based ones. This would enable better introduction of circular economy ideas in the use of resources.
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Involvement of vibrational spectroscopy in the study on interactions of natural organic matter with model environmental pollutants.
Stehlíková, Kristína ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Sedláček, Petr (advisor)
The main objective of this diploma thesis was to verify the potential of using advanced infrared spectra processing techniques – specifically the principal component analysis (PCA) – in order to monitor the interaction of natural organic matter with organic pollutants. Natural organic matter was represented by standard IHSS Leonardite humic acid, while the aromatic dyes methylene blue and Rhodamine 6G and the aliphatic substance Septonex were chosen as representatives of organic ions. Their interactions were monitored using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the use of which for this purpose was verified in my bachelor's thesis. Principal component analysis was finally applied to the obtained infrared spectra of the formed complexes and prepared blank samples, which helped to reveal spectral changes at first glance unrecognizable in the spectra themselves. It was found out that the most likely mechanism of humic acid interaction with aromatic pollutants is a - interaction, while the electrostatic nature of the interaction is assumed for the binding of aliphatic substances.
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The contamintation level of sediments from water reservoir Orlík by organic and inorganic pollutants
Dvořák, Tomáš ; Száková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Vymazal, Jan (referee)
Due to sorption processes, sediments can retain a wide range of toxic substances, which are transported together with the sediment over long distances from the place of their origin. Dam reservoirs are significant sinks of such sediments and they can be indicative of the overall burden level in surface water of the basin. This thesis works with the assumption that sediments of a valley reservoir can help to estimate the sources and extent of water pollution in the area of interest.
The aim of this thesis was to assess i) the level of contamination of bottom sediments in the Orlík reservoir with organic and inorganic pollutants, and ii) the potential impact of individual tributaries on the overall level of contamination of the sediments. In the literature review, the current level of knowledge in the topic of the total contents and speciation of toxic elements and specificities of the behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, sediments and aquatic organisms was evaluated. The biological activity and eutrophication potential of sediments were discussed, as well.
A total of 34 composite samples of bottom sediment collected in different parts of the Orlík reservoir and its major tributaries were evaluated. Bioavailability of major pollutants was also observed in individual tributaries based on their content in the tissues of mollusks.
Atomic spectrometry revealed increased concentrations of As, Cd and Zn in sediments of the Orlík reservoir. Arsenic concentration limits were significantly exceeded at the bottom part of the reservoir from the confluence of the Otava and Vltava rivers toward the body of the dam. Higher level of cadmium and zinc were detected in sediments of the Otava River. The analysis of tissues of bivalves in tributary areas confirmed significant bioaccumulation ability of cadmium. Among others, significant dependence of phosphorus level on the total content of iron and aluminum in sediments was detected.
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Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in aquatic ecosystem of the Yangtze River. Comparison of data from passive samplers SPMD with the literature.
HEMERKOVÁ, Kristýna
The aim of this study was to process results of the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SPMD samplers and to compare obtained data with published data sampled the same way. The devices were deployed for 10 days at sampling sites in the middle part of the Yangtze River in august 2013. Instrumental analysis was based on GC-MS/MS method. Time weighted average concentrations of PAHs were calculated using performance reference compounds (PRC) approach. In the area of interest, freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs in water ranged from 7.5 to 31 ng×l-1. The detected concentrations were in the same range or even lower compared to other European rivers probably because of dilution. Domination of 2-3 rings indicated fresh inputs of pollution. By applying diagnostic ratios of certain PAHs, identification of possible sources was performed. These ratios were generally inclined towards pyrogenic sources of pollution by PAHs in all study sites except Jiang Li where these ratios indicated mixture of both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources.
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Study of bioremediation of some organic polutants by Cupravidus necator
Miléřová, Miluše ; Hurtová, Jana (referee) ; Obruča, Stanislav (advisor)
The aim of this work is the study of bioremediation of p-nitrophenol using bacteria Cupriavidus necator. The theoretical part contains a summary of organic pollutants and the bioremediation aproaches used to remove them from the environment. In the experimental part of this work we used bacteria Cupriavidus necator H16 and its mutant strain Cupriavidus necator H16/PHB-4 unable of PHB accumulation. The experiments were performed with different concetrations of p-nitrophenol and also under none-optimal conditions. Apart from concentration of p-nitrophenol, viability of the bacterial cultures was determined by flow cytometry. During cultivation in progress for sub-optimal conditions with a concentration of 50 mg•l-1 p-nitrophenol at 4°C using a flow cytometer seemed more resistant bacteria Cupriavidus necator H16. On the contrary strain Cupriavidus necator H16/PHB-4 was more resistant at 37 °C. The biodegradation assay was also performed in fermentor, during 51 hours lasting cultivation, bacterial culture degraded 65 % of p-nitrophenol and moreover decreased wavelenght of maximum in absorption spectra from 401 m to 384 nm was observed. The quantity of PHB was analyzed by gas chromatography with FID detector along with the p-nitrophenol determined by spectrophotometry, whose maximum content of PHB was achieved in 20 hour of cultivation
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